From Oxidative Stress to Inflammation in the Posterior Ocular Diseases: Diagnosis and Treatment

Most irreversible blindness observed with glaucoma and retina-related ocular diseases, including age-related macular degeneration diabetic retinopathy, have their origin in the posterior segment of eye, making physiopathology both complex interconnected. In addition to age factor, these diseases share same mechanism disorder based essentially on oxidative stress. this context, imbalance between production reactive oxygen species (ROS) mainly by mitochondria elimination protective mechanisms leads chronic inflammation. Oxidative stress inflammation a close pathophysiological process, appearing simultaneously suggesting relationship mechanisms. The biochemical end point two biological alarming systems is release different biomarkers that can be used diagnosis. Furthermore, stress, initiating vulnerable tissue segment, closely related mitochondrial dysfunction, apoptosis, autophagy inflammation, which are involved each disease progression. review, we analyzed (1) inflammatory processes back (2) importance biomarkers, detected systemic or fluids, for diagnosis eye recent studies, (3) treatment long-term clinical studies.